Are Pregnancy Symptoms Different With Down Syndrome Baby

Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome.

What is Down Syndrome?

Down's syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small "packages" of genes in the body. They make up one's mind how a baby's body forms and functions every bit information technology grows during pregnancy and subsequently nascency. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down's syndrome have an actress re-create of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is 'trisomy.' Down syndrome is also referred to equally Trisomy 21. This extra re-create changes how the babe's body and encephalon develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.

Even though people with Down's syndrome might act and look like, each person has different abilities. People with Down's syndrome commonly take an IQ (a measure of intelligence) in the mildly-to-moderately low range and are slower to speak than other children.

Some common physical features of Down syndrome include:

• A flattened face, peculiarly the span of the nose
• Almond-shaped eyes that slant up
• A brusque cervix
• Minor ears
• A tongue that tends to stick out of the oral cavity
• Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the center
• Small hands and feet
• A single line beyond the palm of the hand (palmar crease)
• Small pinky fingers that sometimes curve toward the thumb
• Poor musculus tone or loose joints
• Shorter in height as children and adults

How Many Babies are Born with Down's syndrome?

Down syndrome remains the almost common chromosomal condition diagnosed in the United States. Each year, nigh 6,000 babies built-in in the United States have Down syndrome. This ways that Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in every 700 babies.^one

Types of Down syndrome

There are 3 types of Down syndrome. People often tin can't tell the difference between each type without looking at the chromosomes because the physical features and behaviors are like.

• Trisomy 21: About 95% of people with Down's syndrome accept Trisomy 21.ⁱⁱ With this type of Down's syndrome, each cell in the trunk has three split copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.
• Translocation Down's syndrome: This type accounts for a small per centum of people with Down syndrome (about iii%).² This occurs when an extra part or a whole extra chromosome 21 is present, but it is fastened or "trans-located" to a different chromosome rather than existence a separate chromosome 21.
• Mosaic Down syndrome: This type affects nearly 2% of the people with Downwardly syndrome.² Mosaic means mixture or combination. For children with mosaic Down syndrome, some of their cells accept 3 copies of chromosome 21, but other cells have the typical two copies of chromosome 21. Children with mosaic Down syndrome may have the aforementioned features as other children with Down syndrome. However, they may have fewer features of the condition due to the presence of some (or many) cells with a typical number of chromosomes.

Causes and Hazard Factors

• The extra chromosome 21 leads to the concrete features and developmental challenges that can occur among people with Down syndrome. Researchers know that Down syndrome is caused past an extra chromosome, but no one knows for sure why Down's syndrome occurs or how many different factors play a office.
• One factor that increases the gamble for having a infant with Down syndrome is the mother's historic period. Women who are 35 years or older when they become pregnant are more than likely to take a pregnancy affected by Down syndrome than women who become pregnant at a younger historic period.^3-vEven so, the majority of babies with Down's syndrome are born to mothers less than 35 years erstwhile, because at that place are many more births among younger women.^6,7

Diagnosis

In that location are 2 basic types of tests available to detect Downwards syndrome during pregnancy: screening tests and diagnostic tests. A screening test tin can tell a adult female and her healthcare provider whether her pregnancy has a lower or higher chance of having Down syndrome. Screening tests do not provide an absolute diagnosis, but they are safer for the mother and the developing infant. Diagnostic tests can typically detect whether or not a babe volition have Down syndrome, just they can be more than risky for the mother and developing infant. Neither screening nor diagnostic tests tin predict the full bear on of Down syndrome on a babe; no 1 tin predict this.

Screening Tests

Screening tests oft include a combination of a blood test, which measures the corporeality of diverse substances in the female parent'due south blood (e.g., MS-AFP, Triple Screen, Quad-screen), and an ultrasound, which creates a picture of the baby. During an ultrasound, one of the things the technician looks at is the fluid behind the babe's neck. Actress fluid in this region could indicate a genetic problem. These screening tests tin can help determine the baby'due south risk of Down's syndrome. Rarely, screening tests can give an abnormal upshot even when in that location is nothing wrong with the babe. Sometimes, the test results are normal and withal they miss a problem that does exist.

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic tests are normally performed after a positive screening test in gild to ostend a Down's syndrome diagnosis. Types of diagnostic tests include:

• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)—examines material from the placenta
• Amniocentesis—examines the amniotic fluid (the fluid from the sac surrounding the baby)
• Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)—examines blood from the umbilical cord

These tests look for changes in the chromosomes that would indicate a Down syndrome diagnosis.

Other Wellness Issues

Many people with Down syndrome have the common facial features and no other major birth defects. Yet, some people with Downwards syndrome might have one or more major nascence defects or other medical issues. Some of the more mutual wellness problems among children with Down syndrome are listed below.⁸

• Hearing loss
• Obstructive slumber apnea, which is a status where the person'due south breathing temporarily stops while asleep
• Ear infections
• Eye diseases
• Center defects present at birth

Health care providers routinely monitor children with Down syndrome for these conditions.

Treatments

Down syndrome is a lifelong condition. Services early in life will often help babies and children with Down syndrome to improve their physical and intellectual abilities. Well-nigh of these services focus on helping children with Downwardly syndrome develop to their full potential. These services include spoken language, occupational, and physical therapy, and they are typically offered through early intervention programs in each state. Children with Down syndrome may also need extra assist or attention in school, although many children are included in regular classes.

Other Resources

The views of these organizations are their own and do not reflect the official position of CDC.

• Down syndrome Research Foundation (DSRF)external icon
  DSRF initiates research studies to better understand the learning styles of those with Down's syndrome.
• Global Down Syndrome Foundationexternal icon
  This foundation is defended to significantly improving the lives of people with Down syndrome through enquiry, medical care, teaching and advancement.
• National Association for Down Syndromeexternal icon
  The National Association for Down Syndrome supports all persons with Down's syndrome in achieving their total potential. They seek to help families, brainwash the public, accost social bug and challenges, and facilitate active participation.
• National Down's syndrome Club (NDSS)external icon
  NDSS seeks to increase awareness and acceptance of those with Down syndrome.

References

1. Mai CT, Isenburg JL, Canfield MA, Meyer RE, Correa A, Alverson CJ, Lupo PJ, Riehle‐Colarusso T, Cho SJ, Aggarwal D, Kirby RS. National population‐based estimates for major birth defects, 2010–2014. Birth Defects Inquiry. 2019; 111(xviii): 1420-1435.
2. Shin G, Siffel C, Correa A. Survival of children with mosaic Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152A:800-1.
3. Allen EG, Freeman SB, Druschel C, et al. Maternal historic period and gamble for trisomy 21 assessed by the origin of chromosome nondisjunction: a report from the Atlanta and National Down Syndrome Projects. Hum Genet. 2009 February;125(1):41-52.
4. Ghosh S, Feingold East, Dey SK. Etiology of Down syndrome: Evidence for consistent association amidst contradistinct meiotic recombination, nondisjunction, and maternal age beyond populations. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Jul;149A(7):1415-20.
5. Sherman SL, Allen EG, Edible bean LH, Freeman SB. Epidemiology of Downwardly syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13(iii):221-seven.
6. Adams MM, Erickson JD, Layde PM, Oakley GP. Down syndrome. Contempo trends in the U.s.. JAMA. 1981 Aug xiv;246(vii):758-60.
7. Olsen CL, Cantankerous PK, Gensburg LJ, Hughes JP. The effects of prenatal diagnosis, population ageing, and changing fertility rates on the live nascency prevalence of Down's syndrome in New York State, 1983-1992. Prenat Diagn. 1996 Nov;xvi(11):991-1002.
8. Balderdash MJ, the Committee on Genetics. Health supervision for children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 2011;128:393-406.

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Source: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html

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